How a Dutch Inventor Built the World’s First Working Submarine in the 1620s — A Wooden Craft That Dove Under the Thames With 16 People
A Maritime Innovation Far Ahead of Its Time
In the 1620s, Dutch inventor Cornelis Drebbel engineered the first working submarine. This early underwater vessel amazed spectators in London as it traveled beneath the Thames River.
The Unexpected Materials Used to Build the Submarine
Drebbel worked with what was available — wood, leather, grease, and iron. His design relied on waterproof leather stretched tightly around a wooden hull.
A Simple Rowboat Turned Into a Submersible Machine
By modifying the hull and sealing joints with leather, he created a structure capable of withstanding underwater pressure long enough for extended missions.
Oars Powered Through Watertight Leather Sleeves
To maintain movement underwater, rowers pushed oars through flexible leather cuffs. These sleeves kept water out while allowing full rowing motion.
Testing the Vessel on the River Thames
Historical accounts describe the submarine diving beneath the surface, traveling without detection, and resurfacing safely many times.
Hosting Sixteen People Inside the Submarine
The vessel was cramped but functional. Passengers sat tightly packed as the rowers propelled them beneath the water.
Air Renewal Using Early Chemical Techniques
Drebbel reportedly refreshed air chemically by generating oxygen. This allowed the submarine to remain underwater for nearly three hours.
A Demonstration That Shocked the Royal Court
King James I and his officials were astonished as the craft reappeared with all crew members alive and unharmed.
Why Drebbel’s Invention Was a Turning Point
Until that moment, underwater travel was considered impossible. Drebbel’s demonstration showed that controlled submersion was achievable.
Marine Warfare Applications Were Considered
England explored the idea of using submarines secretly in naval missions, though it never progressed to mass production.
Engineering Skills That Made the Submarine Possible
Drebbel mastered optics, hydraulics, mechanics, and chemistry. This multidisciplinary knowledge enabled him to solve complex engineering challenges.
A Precursor to Modern Air-Independent Propulsion
His air-renewal system was a primitive version of what modern submarines use today — proving his visionary thinking.
Challenges Faced, From Water Pressure to Navigation
Lacking metal hulls, pressure gauges, or compasses designed for underwater use, Drebbel relied on craftsmanship and experiment-based adjustments.
A Symbol of Scientific Curiosity and Courage
Attempting underwater travel in a wooden craft took tremendous confidence. His success remains one of the boldest engineering feats of the early modern era.
Influence on Future Engineers and Submarine Builders
Later inventors built upon his ideas. By the 1800s, more sophisticated submarines emerged, inspired by Drebbel’s early work.
Why Drebbel’s Story Is Often Overlooked
Modern submarines overshadow his invention, but historians note that without Drebbel, underwater navigation might have evolved much later.
A Rare Blend of Creativity and Engineering Intelligence
His willingness to experiment with unconventional materials shows how innovation thrives when imagination and science combine.
Testing and Improving the Submarine Over Multiple Trials
Drebbel reportedly conducted several dives and adjusted the design for stability, sealing strength, and maneuverability.
A Lasting Technological Legacy Born From a Rowboat
Transforming a simple wooden vessel into a functional submarine laid the groundwork for centuries of naval innovation.
Conclusion: Drebbel’s 1620s Submarine Was a Visionary Breakthrough
The world’s first working submarine proved that underwater travel was possible long before modern engineering — a timeless tribute to human ingenuity.
